Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Rape As A Weapon Of Warfare And Civil Conflicts - 1802 Words

The use of sexual violence as a weapon in warfare and civil conflicts has been around for centuries, from the Crusades to the World Wars and to this day, rape is still a tactic used in warfare and conflicts. This essay explains why rape is such a popular tactic, it’s prevalence from early times to today and the cultural, social, economic and political factors that come to play in regards to rape in warfare. The culture of militarism comes into full effect when talking about warfare. Rape is a tactic used by the military to ensure their power and control. It is to show that they have the masculine privilege by showing their strength and dominance over the women. (Chinkin, 1995) In a patriarchal culture, and in a military culture that is dominated by men, war provides the perfect psychological backdrop for men and even an excuse to show their distain towards women. In military culture, the weapons are in the hands, or dare I say, between their legs, and this, along with orders given and the soldier’s need to follow the orders to the highest extent give the soldiers a sense of dominance. The spiritual bonding of soldiers, along with the sense of dominance, confirms to men that women are secondary, and that they are of nothing and are just spectators in the world of action. (Brownmiller, 1975, p. 45) Thus explains why rape is such a popular military tactic during wars. It emphasizes on power and humiliation of the weak, hence why the rape is always targeted towards the womenShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Arab Spring1555 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrations, riots, and civil wars in the Middle East that began on 18 December 2010, pro-democracy Syrians rose in rebellion to the existing regime of Bashar al-Assad, Syria’s president. Assad’s regime brutally fought back and with the escalation in violence, Syria descended into a civil war, with each side scrambling for control over towns and cities (Rodgers). The Syrian government has committed several war crimes such as torture, rape, murder and the use of chemical weapons, which led to the deathRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender, Conflict and Violence Essay2443 Words   |  10 PagesThe relationship between gender, conflict and violence is a particular issue that hits home to me having spent six months last year working in Iraq with a local NGO and UNHCR working with incoming Syrian Refugees a nd in particular undertaking project development for Combatting sexual and gender based violence (GBV) within Iraqi Kurdistan. The effects of conflict on women, and violence being imposed on women within conflict zones is one that needs to be discussed, promulgated, advocated for and addressedRead MoreThe Nineteen Hundred Years2196 Words   |  9 Pagesand in fact never before needed, a direct consequence of war. During this term we’ve looked at many wars, beginning with the Italian conflicts of 1494, and progressing all the way to the current day war in Syria and Iraq, and the one thing that has changed and shifted the most in these five hundred years is how wars are fought, and most importantly limited warfare. All wars no matter how small or large, have had a watershed impact on the current way we fight and limit wars in the current day. AsRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the Twa,Read MoreCarl Von Clausewitz s War And Strategy1543 Words   |  7 Pagesadequate for explaining warfare in the modern era. The paper will introduce Clausewitz’s very systematic approach to the subject of war and will prove how useful it remains for formulating a definition of war that is able to conceptualize the many different forms of modern war. To achieve this task, the definitions â€Å"war is more than a chameleon† and â€Å"the wondrous trinity†, come to demonstrate that the theories of Carl Von Clausewitz are still adequate for explaining warfare in the modern era. ApartRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1445 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican dominance over the Soviet Union. Finally, the atomic bombings were an effective and justified way to end WW2 and force Japan surrender In 1937 when the Japanese army took over the Chinese city of Nanking they demonstrated barbaric forms of rape, torture, and murder towards Chinese civilians; which justifies the American retribution for firing the atomic bombs on Japan. Moreover, the Japanese people got quick and painless deaths from the atomic bombs whereas the people of Nanking sufferedRead MoreHow Useful Is The Concept Of New Wars When Analysing Contemporary Warfare?2353 Words   |  10 PagesHow useful is the concept of ‘New Wars’ when analysing contemporary warfare? INTRODUCTION Traditionally, according to Clausewitzean school of thought, war is considered to be â€Å"an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfil our will†. These traditional wars, also known as â€Å"Old Wars† are generally characteristically financed by states and occur between states as a means to achieve states interests by using regular national armed forces which generally have a discernable vertical structureRead MoreThe Fundamental Premises Of Realism And The Peace Through Strength Theory1104 Words   |  5 PagesName: Kelsey O’Connor Instructor: Barbara Wien Mid-TERM EXAM Peace, Global Security and Conflict Resolution SIS-210, Fall 2016 VERY short answers please. Some only require a few words. Others are more complicated. 1. What are the fundamental premises of Realism and the peace through strength theory? The fundamental premises of realism consist of the five basic tenants of state craft and core assumptions of realism which comesRead MoreThe Human Nature Of Violence Essay2582 Words   |  11 Pagesbombarded with stories and images of gory foreign civil war, violent extremists, and threats of terrorism. Yet, despite the current state of our world, studies from Steven Pinker, in The Better Nature of Our Angels, have shown that violence has been on the decline since the end of the last world war. This is due to the four trends, the Long Peace, The New Peace, The Right’s Revolutions, and our Inner Demons, that have led to an overall decrease in warfare, genocide, and terrorism. Along with cited studiesRead MoreSierra Leone : Corrupt From Blood Diamonds1334 Words   |  6 Pageshave erupted to the scene as a major problem in the African nation known as Sierra Leone, causing the major issue of government corruption. Ever science Siaka Stevens inflicted the type of government that would allow for such a resource to become a weapon, diamonds became the most sought out product in all of North-western Africa. The reason why blood diamonds have stuck around and isn’t just a quick boost in the economic flow of money is because it forms an evident and vicious cycle, along with the

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Themes Of Betrayal In Flight, By Sherman Alexie

Betrayal hits the most not when by a friend, but by a loved one. In the novel, Flight, by Sherman Alexie, a half Native-American half Irish teen calling himself Zits, struggles with moving from abusive foster home to the next while in the constant search for a real family, real parents. In the act of crime, Zits is shot which transports him into a cycle of different bodies portraying different themes that majorly affects zits life and understanding of the world. The scene in which Zits meets a boy named Justice develops the theme of betrayal by portraying Justice, who seems like a very wise, trustworthy friend, but ends up betraying Zits which changes his view of the world forever. Flight, by Sherman Alexie, is a book about a homeless†¦show more content†¦I think he subconsciously knew that there would be consequence for his action, that his wife would divorce him, but he didn’t want to believe it. The last question brought up was how can someone stop a cycle of betrayal? A cycle of betrayal can only be stopped by forgiveness. Near the end of the book, when Zits is in his fathers body, he learned that his father did not betray Zits by leaving him and his mother out of spite but for fear of failing his child. When he forgives his father, the cycle of betrayal ends when Zits stops looking for revenge in his father. One possible answer to the question if you were in Jimmys shoes, how would you react to your wife finding out that you betrayed her is that he just is in shock. He thinks about all the betrayals in his life and how he was hurt. How he was damaged and in need of more love. He was surprised that she found out, he thought that she would ne ver know and that there were no consequences for his betrayal even though betrayal in his life has made him suffer. While Zits is watching over Jimmy’s life, Alexie writes, â€Å"He thinks about betrayal†¦ He thinks of how many wives and husbands are cheating on each other. We’re all betraying one another all the time†(120). In this quote, Jimmy is thinking about all the betrayal in the world. All the betrayal that applies to him. Everything that not just happens to him, but also to everyoneShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Flight By Sherman Alexie818 Words   |  4 PagesThe book Flight by Sherman Alexie is about a 15 year-old boy named Zits. His Irish mother dies of breast cancer when he is young and his Native American alcoholic father runs away. He has lived in 20 different foster homes and has gone to 22 different schools. Zits had a very rough childhood which has led him to be a troublemaker. Later in the story he shoots up a bank and then gets shot. As a result of his death, he goes on a â€Å"flight† and lives through parts of people’s lives who’ve experiencedRead MoreThe, The Glass Castle By Jeannette Walls, And Flight By Sherman Alexie1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthese are the traits of the American dream. Although, in one s mind a specific picture forms when reading about the American dream this does not mean everyone is seeing the same landscape. A prevalent theme in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Flight by Sherman Alexie is the potency and prevalence of diversity on the American dream. In each of these compelling works, connoisseurs get a taste of life from different demographics’ viewpoints and a measure of what itRead MoreThe, The Glass Castle By Jeannette Walls, And Flight By Sherman Alexie1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthese are the traits of the American dream. Although, in one s mind a specific picture forms when reading about the American dream this does not mean everyone is seeing the same landscape. A prevalent theme in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Flight by Sherman Alexie is the potency and prevalence of diversity on the American dream. In each of these compelling works, connoisseurs get a taste of life from different demographics’ viewpoints and a measure of what it

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover Free Essays

Don’t Judge A Book By Its Cover Have you ever been judge just from your appearance? Well I have, so many times. I believe that everyone shouldn’t be judge by their looks, get to know them first. Everyone must have at least heard the quote, â€Å"don’t judge a book by its cover,† because it’s just the same thing, don’t judge a person by its appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover or any similar topic only for you Order Now People have been judge by their race and who they are. You should at least ask, or get to know them first before you start saying something. All around, I hear or see, most Asians are being ask by this question; â€Å"Are you Chinese? Just because I’m Asian doesn’t mean I’m Chinese. Asians have a lot of different race that I can’t even name all of them. People would come to you and say something in a different language. You’ll say something back like, â€Å"Hello, I’m not Chinese,† or â€Å"Hello I’m not Korean. † Well whatever language they are trying to say to you other then your own language. To me, I think they’re just making fun of you because they have no life. I see it happens a lot to me, but not just only me but to those who are like me. You would hear this a lot at this school, but it’s not true. Everybody, well most people, would be saying, â€Å"Asians are smart. † Just because I’m â€Å"Asian† doesn’t make me smart. Not all Asians are smart, trust me. Everyone is equal in different ways, but you just don’t see it with the people you might hang out with. They also think that all Asians are good at math. I think they are but some are not. I’m not that good at math, but it’s still easy to me. Do you think Asians are rich? Well I don’t think so; I think that most Asians are just like any other regular person that you see trying to support a family. That’s one of the goals that most Asians wants to succeed. Well, that’s everyone’s goal that actually cares. Not only Asians are the only one that are being judge by their appearance or race, but some Hispanics too. Just because they’re Hispanic doesn’t mean they â€Å"cross the border. † Just because they’re white doesn’t mean they have to be tall and that Asians are short. Like for example, me, even though I’m skinny doesn’t make me anorexic because I know I eat a lot. If you’re smart in academics, it doesn’t make you a nerd. Just be you. Overall, from my prospective, everywhere you go, you see someone is being judge. They just think they are all so funny, thinking they’re so cool, and trying to get everyone’s attention. Think about others while you at it because you don’t know how that person might feel when you say those kinds of things. People would judge you too, but why would you have to do it bad. Some stuff might be good comments like a compliment, but that person may take it offensive. I believe that you shouldn’t be judge by your looks; like they say, don’t judge a book by its cover. How to cite Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Online Privacy A Matter of Policy

Question: Describe about the Online Privacy for A Matter of Policy? Answer: Introduction The origin of hacking can be dated back to many years ago. It became a potential harm to the internet users from the 1980. It was used to mean any sort of computing act which was not acceptable to the society and unethical in nature. During the years 1950-1960, there was a certain degree of tolerance which was shown to these hackers because of their potential in programming and designing various types of applications which can intrude into other systems and gather vital data. Hacking is a method of getting access to the personal data of others, with the sole intent of modifying, destroying or using the data for own use. There has been a debate as to who actually is a hacker (Synodinou, 2015). Hackers are the persons with deep knowledge in technology of computers and networking. It might not always be for harming the others systems and data. A hacker with a harmful intent can be termed as an attacker. Black hat is another type of attacker. The security analysts are sometimes known as the white hats. The type of hacking used for defensive purpose is known as White-hat analysis. The various motives of hacking can be like the employees who have been sacked by their companies, wishing to seek revenge and make the company pay (Whitty, 2013). Fig.1: It shows the hacking attacks across the world (Source: https://graphs.net, 2015) Methods of hacking There are various processes in which several hackers try to intrude into others systems, each with different motive (Torok, 2013). The most popular methods used in hacking can be of the following types: Phishing attacks These scams can be of several types. Primarily, the phishing attacks come from Nigeria. These might include various types of criminal activities. We often see various pop-up messages like You have won a tablet. The trick is that it asks for personal information like bank details or using our credit cards (Office, 2015). The payment made online is directly received by the hackers, who use the funds in some illegal activities. These Nigerian scams are known as the 419 scams. They may come in the form of job offers, some people wanting to meet us and we can make some money by clicking on some of the advertisements. Every year thousands of people from various parts of the world, wall prey to these scams and suffer unthinkably. They are totally clueless on where to lodge the complaint (Synodinou, 2015).It is better to use our common sense before we reply to any mail or follow any email instruction. These scams require us to take some quick actions without giving much time to think. Hence, we should read all the terms and conditions carefully and analyze that whether they are practically possible or not. We should not jump into making some online payments or providing any personal information. Trojan horse Trojan horses are types of viruses which are passed on to the systems of the others by the hackers (Temple, 2012). It installs a program on the computer system which can record everything that is being typed on the computer and sends back all the data to the hacker. These programs can also distribute spam emails and attack others computers. The hackers disguise the viruses in the form of some programs. These are called Trojan Horses. The best way of delivering Trojans is to send it as a variation of the phishing emails. There might be some emails in our inboxes which say that they are from reputed companies or banks. They claim that there has been some problem with a particular transaction (Mthembu, 2012). To see in details, we need to open the email attachment. The time we click on the email link, it starts installing a file by itself. One cannot do anything in order to stop the application. Today, on Facebook and Twitter also, we can find same types of scams. It can be in the form of video which a friend posted. When we click on the link, a popup appears which instructs to update the video player. The update file is actually the Trojan. One of the ways to stop the system from getting infected with Trojan is to apply common sense. We also need updated security software installed in our machines. These software detect the Trojans much earlier and prevent them from being installed (Markou, 2014). Drive-by downloads Most of the security software blocks many of these attacks. But, they are not absolutely full proof (Wadhwa et al. 2015).The several programs installed on our computers might have certain loop-holes through which the hackers can slip in several bypass security applications. In order to harm the users machines, the hackers create websites and plant them with viruses. We can go to that site unintentionally if we click on this harmful link and also on social platforms. When we make certain searches on the search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc, there is the possibility that we might end up visiting any of the these malicious links (Makakaba, 2012). There is also a process used by the hackers, in which they pass harmful codes on to the well known and harmless sites. The work of this code is to scan our computer systems and to find any holes in the security systems (Mathews Hunt, 2015).Whenever any loop hole is found, it automatically starts installing the virus. The best way to prevent this is to keep all the software on the system up-to-date. The Microsoft Windows and other system software should be updated every month with the latest drivers (Liu, 2013).There should be regular updating of the network browsers like Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and others. This installs new application software which can effectively block these attacks. There are some other software which needs to be updated like Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader, Java by Oracle and others. If we do not update them, they can make ways for hackers to attack our systems by sending them inscribed invitations. The old-fashioned browsers like Internet Ex plorer 6, Internet Explorer 7 and Internet Explorer 8 should be immediately replaced with more advanced versions (Yan et al. 2015). Password bypass In this system of hacking, the hackers get access to our passwords from the security breaches in the company where we work and also from the websites which we visit. Few websites require us to store our passwords. This can be a dangerous proposition because the recorded password passes on directly to the hacker, who can then intrude into the account of the user. It is also required to give answers to the security questions in various websites. We should provide such a question which cannot be easily guessed (Li et al. 2014). Unprotected usage of Wi-Fi Most of us have Wi-Fi connections at our home today. But, we need to know whether it is encrypted or not. If it is not encrypted, then the hackers can connect to our network. Some of the neighbors can also locate our network, among the lists of networks they can see on their systems. They are able to watch and record our every move on the internet. It is even possible to download illegal content on our machines by using our very own network connection. This might even lead to a criminal offence. It is of utmost importance to us to secure our networks in the best possible way (Li, 2015).The procedure on how to secure our network can be availed from the manual provided with the Wi-Fi Router. Fig.2: It shows the process of attack by a hacker. (Source: https://www.knowbe4.com, 2015) Critical analysis of the methods used to prevent hacking In order to prevent hacking or to minimize it at least, a number of measures can be selected. This assignment seeks to inform about some of them. As the types of attacks are increasing every day, we need to come up with their solutions also. Continuous updating of software The hackers always look out for areas of weakness in the network, where they can intrude instantly. This is why we should regularly update all our major software like Operating System, Security Software, Web Browsers and others (Katos, 2012). We should visit the Microsoft update page and download the recent software patches for the OS. It is to be kept in mind that we should always purchase original operating system and not the pirated ones. The pirated ones cannot be updated adequately from their original websites. Installation of Firewall Firewalls are programs which protect our systems from unauthorized access by the hackers and the various viruses they manufacture. This tool is extremely important in keeping the integrity of our systems intact. It should be monitored from time to time that our firewalls are kept on all the time. These firewalls can also be personalized according to our needs. We can also tune them in order to decide how much data from the internet we want to get into our systems. It is also equally important to update this firewall regularly (Kah Leng, 2015). Fig.3: How a firewall works (Source: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com, 2015) Frequent changing of passwords We need to frequently change the passwords of the websites we visit regularly. It is equally important to design complicated passwords with a variety of characters like alphabets in lower and upper cases, symbols, numbers, etc. This makes it difficult for anybody to guess the passwords with accuracy (Jung et al. 2014). This needs to be done with more priority in the banking and other websites which require sensitive information like credit card details, bank account details and others. If the passwords are altered on a regular basis at certain intervals, then it reduces the chances of hacking to a great extent. Purchasing proper anti-virus software Nowadays, many computers come with pre-installed anti-virus software. But, it may still be necessary to download or purchase original version of antivirus software for more protection. Various companies manufacture these products nowadays like Kaspersky, McAffee, Norton and others (Phippen et al. 2012).These products keep our systems healthy and ensure they run smoothly. An unhealthy computer filled with viruses, are more likely to attacks from the hackers. It is also extremely important to update them regularly. New threats are emerging every day. So, all these software needs regular updating also. Fig.4: The anti-virus software available today (Source: https://askbobrankin.com, 2015) Installation of Anti-spyware and Adware software These are also few of the threats to the modern computers. But, they are probably not as dangerous as the viruses. Adware creates advertisements in our browsers. Whenever we open our browser, it takes us to some malicious pages or opens up pop-ups which when clicked take us to some harmful websites or downloadable programs. This not only, makes the system susceptible to attacks, but also very slow in performance (Furnell et al. 2014). Spyware on the other hand tracks our internet usage and copy our passwords for using them in some illegal activities. The various anti-spyware and adware programs that are available in the market today, secure our computers from all these threats. Deletion of unknown emails It is always prudent, not to click on any links in emails which come from unknown sources. They might contain potentially dangerous software. Many times it is seen that many alluring emails from several sources hit our inbox. But we should never fall for them. Mostly, the Nigerian countries are involved in the email scams. They try to attract people who can become easy victims of all these scams. They ask for making payments to a particular bank account number against which the user will receive a much bigger amount in dollars. Every year, thousands of people across the world fall prey to these scams. They make payments with expectation of getting some more in return. They end up losing the amount paid. They cannot recover the amount as the transaction involves dealing with foreign countries (Excell, 2012). Conclusions In the end, we may say that it is extremely important nowadays to take adequate protections while using our computer systems. Hacking is constantly on the rise. The hackers are also becoming more advanced in technology. They are continuously producing new harmful applications which are causing extreme harm to us. In this dynamic world, nothing is eternal. Hence, the security software we are using today will not be able to block all the attacks that occur in future. Hence it is extremely important to update them on a regular basis. As the security threats are increasing each day, so are the prevention software. So, today we are extremely lucky to have many options to ward off the hackers and the malicious programs they manufacture. Recommendations In order to fight with the social evil known as hacking, we need to follow a few specific set of guidelines. These simple rules and regulations will ensure that we can operate our systems with ease and without any fear of loss or threat to data. The several ways in which we can handle various types of threats to our computers, have been discussed at length in this assignment. There are different solutions available to us for each different types of threat. It is always wise to keep our systems fully updated with the recent software patches and current versions of the anti-virus and spyware. Protection software is to be installed not only in desktop computers, but also in the official systems that we use. Our official systems contain valuable data regarding our work and personal information which we cannot divulge to any outsider. Hence, our systems at office should also be kept updated with the recent software and operating system. There should also be adequate antivirus and spyware protection software. Reference list Excell, D. (2012). Bayesian inference the future of online fraud protection. Computer Fraud Security, 2012(2), pp.8-11. Furnell, S. and Moore, L. (2014). Security literacy: the missing link in today's online society?. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(5), pp.12-18. Furnell, S. and Phippen, A. (2012). Online privacy: a matter of policy?. Computer Fraud Security, 2012(8), pp.12-18. Jung, Y. and Joshi, J. (2014). CPBAC: Property-based access control model for secure cooperation in online social networks. Computers Security, 41, pp.19-39. Kah Leng, T. (2015). Internet defamation and the online intermediary. Computer Law Security Review, 31(1), pp.68-77. Katos, V. (2012). An integrated model for online transactions: illuminating the black box. Information Management Computer Security, 20(3), pp.184-206. Li, J. (2015). Is online media a two-sided market?. Computer Law Security Review, 31(1), pp.99-111. Li, J., Zhao, J. and Zhang, Y. (2014). Certificateless online/offline signcryption scheme. Security Comm. Networks, p.n/a-n/a. Li, Y., Li, Y., Yan, Q. and Deng, R. (2015). Privacy leakage analysis in online social networks. Computers Security, 49, pp.239-254. Liu, Y. (2013). Online Payment Security System. AMR, 756-759, pp.1930-1932. Makakaba, P. (2012). South African regulation of online casinos licensed in a foreign jurisdiction. Computer Law Security Review, 28(4), pp.445-452. Markou, C. (2014). Online penny auctions and the protection of the consumer under EU law. Computer Law Security Review, 30(5), pp.540-559. Mathews Hunt, K. (2015). Gaming the system: Fake online reviews v. consumer law. Computer Law Security Review, 31(1), pp.3-25. Mthembu, M. (2012). High road in regulating online child pornography in South Africa. Computer Law Security Review, 28(4), pp.438-444. Office, R. (2015). Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Robotics in 2014. Robotics, 4(1), pp.23-24. Synodinou, T. (2015). Intermediaries' liability for online copyright infringement in the EU: Evolutions and confusions. Computer Law Security Review, 31(1), pp.57-67. Temple, M. (2012). Online payment security. SecEd. Torok, R. (2013). Developing an explanatory model for the process of online radicalisation and terrorism. Security Informatics, 2(1), p.6. Wadhwa, P. and Bhatia, M. (2015). Measuring Radicalization in Online Social Networks Using Markov Chains. Journal of Applied Security Research, 10(1), pp.23-47. Whitty, M. (2013). Anatomy of the online dating romance scam. Security Journal.

Friday, November 29, 2019

College Choosing Essays - University Of Missouri System,

College Choosing Choosing a college during the final years of high school can be a long strenuous process, full of many lifelong decisions. These decisions can be broken down into six categories. The categories are cost, entrance requirements, location, living arrangements, unique programs, and extracurricular activities. The University of Missouri St. Louis and the University of Missouri, Columbia have some similarities yet many more differences. A major concern when deciding which college to attend is cost. Cost consists of not only tuition but also books, room and board. If one would like to attend the University of Missouri, Columbia for a residential student the composite cost for tuition is four thousand three hundred twenty three dollars. The tuition cost is relatively the same at the University of Missouri St. Louis. Their approximate annual cost is four thousand seven hundred ninety five dollars and eighty cents. Therefore tuition for the University of Missouri Columbia is four hundred seventy dollars and eighty cents cheaper than the University of Missouri, St. Louis. Colleges have entrance requirements so that the college receives the caliber of students they want. This is important to a student because the requirements actually make sure the students are all around the same intelligence level. This makes college life more neutral. The University of Missouri Columbia and the University of Missouri St. Louis are both on the University of Missouri system. This system says a student must complete four units of English and mathematics, three units of science and social studies, two units of the same foreign language, and one unit fine arts. These are often called the seventeen core credits for college. This system also requires an ACT score of at least seventeen but with this low of an ACT score one needs to be in the top ninety-four percentile of their class. If one's ACT composite is twenty-four or higher then that applicant meets the minimum requirement for admission. The location of a college can be a major deciding factor when one plans which college to go to. Is the college in and urban, suburban, or rural area. Is the crime rate in the area very high or so low they don't even have a sheriff for forty miles. Is the college close to any points of interests for college students. Such as movie theaters, amusement parks or bowling allies. The University of Missouri St. Louis is seven miles from downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is a large city consisting of 250,000 to 499,999 people. It has many points of interests for a college student. Besides the examples above St. Louis has four professional sports clubs. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST. LOUIS also has an urban campus environment. The University of Missouri Columbia is located in the small city of Columbia Missouri. It has a population of 50,000-250,000. The University of Missouri Columbia is located approximately 125 miles from Kansas City and St. Louis. The living arrangements when attending a college can enlighten or destroy your college experience. If one intends to go to the University of Missouri St. Louis they have several options for housing. The residence hall, Mansion Hill condominiums, and University Meadow Apartments. The residence halls are conveniently located on campus. Smoking and the use of alcohol or drugs is not permitted in the residence halls. Mansion Hill condominiums are on a private wooded estate with all the luxury of home. The University Meadow apartments is a apartment complex located just off campus. The University of Missouri Columbia has coed dormitories, apartments for married students and fraternity/sorority housing. All housing is located on campus besides some fraternity/sorority houses. The options for incoming freshmen to the University of Missouri Columbia for housing is limited to dorm life. Unique programs are another apparatus to help one decide if the college they want to attend has extracurricular activities wanted as well as academic programs. The University of Missouri St. Louis has many academic programs which include study abroad and the Pierre Laclede Honors College. This signifies a double major. Studying abroad means one goes to a foreign country where the University of Missouri St. Louis has set up a college. The Pierre Laclede Honors college is an honors college for the exceptionally intelligent. Although it is part of the University of Missouri St. Louis program it has its own campus, consisting of instructional, residential, and recreational facilities. The University of Missouri Columbia has a museum of art and archaeology, museum of anthropology, and a research center for nuclear reactor. Extracurricular activities serves a minor purpose in the decision to choose a college.

Monday, November 25, 2019

A New Nation and the American Revolution essays

A New Nation and the American Revolution essays The Revolutionary War impacted the lives of the inhabitants of the new nation. Sometimes a group of people was effected and other times a class of people was the victim. The changes, sometimes small, were none-the-less significant in the lives of those in America. The Revolutionary War changed the lives of the inhabitants of the new nation in many different ways depending on whether they were upper class, lower class, slaves or Native Americans. After the war, the upper class was drastically effected by the changes in the nation. They simplify their standards of living and they begin to treat common people, the lower class, with respect. Before the war, the upper class looked down upon the lower class and would not allow themselves to mix with them. This doesn't seem as important anymore for they are a nation, united and free. During the war, England promises the upper class some land for fighting for their country. When they are denied this land, they begin to quarrel amongst thems elves. They begin to feel that political leaders need to demonstrate virtue, accomplishments and dedication to the public good. No longer will they allow a leader without experience or morals to rule them. The lower class of society was effected at the end of the war as well as the upper class. They become less likely to leave all the governing decisions to the upper class. The lower class is becoming more political and is beginning to feel the need to have a hand in the government, whereas before, the lower class was more concerned with getting by and paying their taxes to Britain. Without having to pay the taxes, they can now sell their crops and gain a profit. This leaves them more time to care about the people chosen to rule them. All of a sudden they have been swept into "the people" by rhetoric of the Revolution. They have gained citizenship through military service and distribution of land. Being citizens, they now have the right to vote among ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Customer service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Customer service - Essay Example Customer Service Professionals has to be viewed as internal customers also and as such constant meeting has to be held to get feedback from not only to respond to their questions on how to handle customer concerns but also on their concerns as employees. Job designs or how tasks are combined to complete the job should also be responsive on how the Customer Service Professional responds to the customer’s needs. This can be done through perpetual job reengineering of processes and work-flows to enhance the frontliner’s effecitivity. Job improvement of a Customer Service Professional in a credit card company has to be viewed not only in terms of skills but also in motivation. The job can also be physically demanding as the employees has to work in shifts including weekends and holidays and as such, employees are susceptible to being burned out when this is not checked. The company has to guard itself from those tendencies to keep its employees motivated to perform. One way to guard it is by employing job enlargement whereby a job is enlarged, the worker performs a large work unit involving a variety of task elements rather than a fragmented job. An enlarged job can elicit intrinsic motivation for a number of reasons (Chung, Ross, 1977) and employees working on a greater number of workstations reported lower scores for resignation (Weichel et al, 2010) How would you improve the customer service professional's job through rewards and incentives only?   Rewards and incentives are very important to keep Customer Service Professional motivated to perpetually improve on their jobs. The company, being one of the leading credit card providers has to provide excellent customer service to remain competitive in the business and this translates to high expectation of performance from its frontliners, the Customer Service Providers. When metrics for the delivery excellent customer service are met and exceeded, management should give incentives among its Custome r Service Professional not only in monetary terms but also in recognition, career progression and an enjoyable working environment. For example, when the Customer Service Professional received a positive feedback from a customer and met the number of queries, cases resolved with minimal tardiness and absenteeism, a corresponding amount should be given as an incentive to the employee. On a team level, teams who perform are given bonuses as a reward. A team outing can also be arranged as a reward without affecting the operation of department where the team can go out to have fun. This will serve as a reward and also to guard the employees from being burned out with the demands of the work. How would you improve your current or last job?   It is a given that any employee who belongs to an organization should know his/her job. But beyond job knowledge, an employee should also involve in the Management’s initiatives on how to improve job performance. When suggestions are asked o n how to improve job work-flows and processes or to modify existing systems to enhance productivity, I should share my insight so that the Management will have a better perspective in improving productivity. I will also be open to job rotation where I will be moved through a schedule of assignments to give myself a breadth of exposure to the entire operation of the company. I will cooperate on

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example Thus, rapidly increasing profitability of a company denotes that it has high level of customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction depicts the ability of an organisation towards satisfying the needs of the customers. An organisation can effectively retain its customers by satisfying them (Kotler, 2009). Customer satisfaction depends on the product or service quality as well as the price provided by an organisation. It is referred as the key element in marketing from the perspective of theory as well as practice. In today’s business world, customer satisfaction has a huge impact on the competitiveness of an organisation. Hence, company managers provide more emphasis on customer satisfaction to increase the market share, the profitability as well as the sustainability of the business (Mohsan, F. & et. al., 2011). There are certain ways through which organisations can satisfy customers such as by creating customer loyalty towards the products as well as services, by improving the level of services and by enhancing the product value and product quality among others. In this context, it can be stated that customer satisfaction can be determined by effectiveness of employees in an organisation to provide good product and services (Taghizadeh & et. al., 2012). Customer Satisfaction in McDonald For McDonald, customer satisfaction has great importance to maintain profitability and to increase the market share. ... According to McDonald’s commitment, doing the right thing is important for satisfying customers. McDonald’s policies, strategies as well as practices have made the company more competent in the market (McDonalds, 2012). According to the observation of the CEO of McDonalds, the company positively satisfies the needs of the customers in terms of providing quality products with affordable prices (McDonald’s, 2011). Marketing Strategies of McDonalds for Customer Satisfaction The target customers of McDonalds are children, young people as well as urban families. In order to satisfy the target customers, McDonalds have been providing special facilities to children such as ‘play place’ which help to attract huge number customers to its restaurants. Young urban customers are also attracted toward McDonalds because of certain facilities such as fun games (Food Advertising to Children and Teens Score, 2010). For any organisation, customer’s perception a bout the product is considered as a significant factor for success. Many organisations fail to satisfy customers because certain products are unable to fulfil the customers’ needs. Therefore, customer perception as well as expectation is considered as one of the most significant factors in the marketing strategies for an organisation (Ghosh & et. al., 2012). Consequently, McDonalds also understand the importance of perception of customers and thus, develops its marketing strategies in such as way so that it can fulfil their expectations. The 4p’s marketing mix strategies help McDonald to satisfy their requirements from a fast food restaurant. The aspects of 4p’s strategies are product, price, promotions and place. Product Due to increased number of fast food chains

Monday, November 18, 2019

Project Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Managment - Essay Example According to Kerzner (2009), project managers are in charge of ‘coordinating and integrating activities across multiple, functional lines’ (p. 12). This means that they consolidate efforts to (1) develop the project plan, (2) execute the plan, and (3) make the necessary changes to the plan to ensure that the objectives are met. Project managers also operate as interface between the smaller, project organization, and the larger functional organization. They therefore are tasked with managing relationships (1) among individual members of the team , (2) between the functional organization and the project team, (3) between the senior management and the project team, and (4) between the customer’s organization (i.e., external or internal) and the project team (Kerzner, 2009, p. 13). Kerzner observes that the project manager’s role is a difficult one because he/she usually is assigned a great deal of responsibility, but actually very little power or authority. Th e greatest challenge to the skill and expertise of the project manager is the degree to which he/she is able to successfully achieve the specific objectives of the project within the constraints (of scope, time, cost, and performance) imposed upon him/her. The Edinburgh Tram System project In 2002, the City of Edinburgh Council (CEC), established the Transport Initiatives Edinburgh (TIE) as a private limited, wholly-owned CEC subsidiary. The new system is envisioned to be a fast, clean and green, and high capacity transport service similar to those in other countries in Europe (Edinburgh Trams, 2012). The initiative began with a series of public consultations to determine the feasibility of the proposed system and in compliance with the parliamentary process. Stakeholders were invited to participate during these consultations where the feedback and suggestions to the proposed project details were garnered. By January 2004, the completed plans were submitted to Parliament, which appr oved them in March 2006. Contracts were entered into by May 2008, begun soon thereafter, and the tram network was estimated to commence operations by 2014 (Edinburgh Trams, 2012). From the project’s onset, the CEC and contractors have encountered problems related to the project. An example is the line to St. Andrew Square has proven problematic, with a project cost of ?776 million, ?200 million over the original budget. The contractor, Bilfinger Berger, of Germany, has been plagued by delays, disputes, technical problems, and unforeseen revision. According to Knox (2011), there also were other concerns such as a misunderstanding of the initial agreement, a confused and divided council, government hostility and negative public perception. These problems resulted in a reduction in the project’s scope from several lines to just one – that leading to St. Andrew’s Square – a budget overrun and extension of the completion date to 2016, and the resignatio n of the project’s chief executive after only two years (Knox, 2011; BBC, 2011). The three elements of project management Several of the nine primary elements of the PMBOK are seen to be applicable in this case, but the following three appear to have posed the greatest challenge for the project manager: (1) Managing the scope of the project in controlling the project The project scope is an explicit description of what are included in,

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Current Trends In Computer Hardware Platforms Computer Science Essay

The Current Trends In Computer Hardware Platforms Computer Science Essay Mobile platform: more and more business computing is moving from PCs and desktop machines to mobile devices like cell phones and smartphones. Data transmissions, Web surfing, e-mail and instant messaging, digital content displays, and data exchanges with internal corporate systems are all available through a mobile digital platform. Netbooks, small low-cost lightweight subnotebooks that are optimized for wireless communication and Internet access, are included. The current version is called Windows Mobile 6.5. It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, and features a suite of basic applications developed using the Microsoft Windows API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software applications can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile. Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen.[3] Microsoft announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to version 7.[4] Windows Mobiles share of the Smartphone market has fallen year-on-year,[5] decreasing 20% in Q3 2009.[6] It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone).[7] In the United States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use (after BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise users.[8] Microsoft is phasing out Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[2] Common features Windows Mobile for Pocket PC carries these standard features in most of its versions: Today Screen shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mail messages, and tasks. (Is now Home screen in later WM6.5 builds) The taskbar shows the current time and the volume. Office Mobile a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications Outlook Mobile comes with Windows Mobile. Internet Explorer Mobile is an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE for Handheld PC. Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile. Client for PPTP VPNs. Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) which in mobile phones allows attached computers to share internet connections via USB and Bluetooth. Coherent file system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT and support for many of the same file types. Ability to multitask. Hardware See also: List of Windows Mobile devices There are three versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices:[9] Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touchscreens Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens Windows Mobile Classic which runs on Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PCs). An O2 Pocket PC phone A Smartphone (T-Mobile Dash) Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC) A Windows Mobile Classic device is a Windows Mobile personal digital assistant (PDA) that does not have telephone functionality. It was formerly known as the Pocket PC. It was the original intended platform for the Windows Mobile operating system. These devices consisted of both standalone Pocket PC devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those that included mobile phone capabilities. The most current name of Windows Mobile intended for use on Pocket PCs is officially Windows Mobile 6 Professional for devices with mobile phone capabilities and Windows Mobile 6 Classic for devices without mobile phone capabilities. Windows Mobile Smartphones The Windows Mobile (Microsofts term for its range of smartphones) became the next hardware platform after the Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile, and debuted with the release of Pocket PC 2002. Although in the broad sense of the term Smartphone, both Pocket PC phones and Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category, it should be noted that Microsofts use of the term Smartphone includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket PC phones. Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens, intended to be operated more efficiently with only one hand, and typically had lower display resolution than Pocket PCs. Microsofts focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner.[10] Version history Pocket PC 2000 Grid computing: connects geographically remote computers into a single network to create a virtual supercomputer by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid. Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal. The Grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve a large number of files. What distinguishes grid computing from conventional high performance computing systems such as cluster computing is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. Although a grid can be dedicated to a specialized application, it is more common that a single grid will be used for a variety of different purposes. Grids are often constructed with the aid of general-purpose grid software libraries known as middleware. Grid size can vary by a considerable amount. Grids are a form of distributed computing whereby a super virtual computer is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks. Furthermore, Distributed or grid computing in general is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus. Overview Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach common goal.[1] to solve a single task and may then disappear just as quickly. One of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may also involve the aggregation of large-scale cluster computing-based systems. The size of a grid may vary from small-confined to a network of computer workstations within a corporation, for example-to large, public collaborations across many companies and networks. The notion of a confined grid may also be known as an intra-nodes cooperation whilst the notion of a larger, wider grid may thus refer to an inter-nodes cooperation.[2] Grids are a form of distributed computing whereby a super virtual computer is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks. This technology has been applied to computationally intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through volunteer computing, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as drug discovery, economic forecasting, seismic analysis, and back office data processing in support for e-commerce and Web servic Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth. A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email or Gmail etc. You dont need a software or a server to use them. All a consumer would need is just an internet connection and you can start sending emails. The server and email management software is all on the cloud ( internet) and is totally managed by the cloud service provider Yahoo , Google etc. The consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy the benefits. The analogy is , If you only need milk , would you buy a cow  ? All the users or consumers need is to get the benefits of using the software or hardware of the computer like sending emails etc. Just to get this benefit (milk) why should a consumer buy a (cow) software /hardware  ? Cloud computing is broken down into three segments: applications, platforms, and infrastructure. Each segment serves a different purpose and offers different products for businesses and individuals around the world. In June 2009, a study conducted by VersionOne found that 41% of senior IT professionals actually dont know what cloud computing is and two-thirds of senior finance professionals are confused by the concept,[1] highlighting the young nature of the technology. In Sept 2009, an Aberdeen Group study found that disciplined companies achieved on average an 18% reduction in their IT budget from cloud computing and a 16% reduction in data center power costs.[2] Cloud Computing Segments Applications: Its all On Demand So far the applications segment of cloud computing is the only segment that has proven useful as a business model.The Cloud Wars: $100 Billion at Stake, Published by Merrill Lynch, May 7, 2008 By running business applications over the internet from centralized servers rather than from on-site servers, companies can cut some serious costs. Furthermore, while avoiding maintenance costs, licensing costs and the costs of the hardware required to run servers on-site, companies are able to run applications much more efficiently from a computing standpoint. Who is Offering On Demand Software? The companies below are already established in the On-Demand software or SaaS business. These companies charge their customers a subscription fee and in return host software on central servers that are accessed by the end user via the internet. Salesforce.com (CRM) Google (GOOG) NetSuite (N) Cordys Taleo (TLEO) Concur Technologies (CNQR) Who is Offering Traditional Software? The following companies have established themselves as traditional software providers. These companies sell licenses to their users, who then run the software from on premise servers. SAP AG (SAP) Oracle (ORCL) Blackbaud (BLKB) Lawson Software (LWSN) Blackboard (BBBB) Platforms: Many of the companies that started out providing On Demand application services have developed platform services as well. The platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that are used to deploy internet. NetSuite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also developed platforms that allow users to access applications from centralized servers. In July 2008, HP, Yahoo! (YHOO), and Intel (INTC) announced a joint cloud computing research project called the Cloud Computing Test Bed. The companies are jointly designing and producing the internet based testing utilizing HP hardware and Intel processors.[3] Active platforms The following companies are some that have developed platforms that allow end users to access applications from centralized servers using the internet. Next to each company is the name of their platform. Google (GOOG) Apps Engine Amazon.com (AMZN) EC2 Microsoft (MSFT) Windows Azure SAVVIS (SVVS) Symphony VPDC Terremark Worldwide (TMRK) The Enterprise Cloud Salesforce.com (CRM) Force.com NetSuite (N) Suiteflex Rackspace Cloud cloudservers, cloudsites, cloudfiles Metrisoft Metrisoft SaaS Platform [1] SUN Oracle direct link Cordys Process Factory The Enterprise Cloud Platform Infrastructure: The final segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure, is very much the backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendors environments (such as Google gears) that allow users to build applications. Cloud storage, such as Amazons S3, is also considered to be part of the infrastructure segment. Major Infrastructure Vendors Below are companies that provide infrastructure services: Google (GOOG) Managed hosting, development environment International Business Machines (IBM) Managed hosting SAVVIS (SVVS) Managed hosting cloud computing Terremark Worldwide (TMRK) Managed hosting Amazon.com (AMZN) Cloud storage Rackspace Hosting (RAX) Managed hosting cloud computing Explain how businesses can benefit from autonomic computing, virtualization, and multicore processors. Autonomic computing Benefits of autonomic computing include systems that automatically do the following: Configure themselves Optimize and tune themselves Heal themselves when broken Protect themselves from outside intruders and self-destruction Reduces maintenance costs Reduces downtime from system crashes Virtualization Benefits of server virtualization include: Run more than one operating system at the same time on a single machine. Increase server utilization rates to 70 percent or higher. Reduce hardware expenditures. Higher utilization rates translate into fewer computers required to process the same amount of work. Mask server resources from server users. Reduce power expenditures. Run legacy applications on older versions of an operating system on the same server as newer applications. Facilitates centralization of hardware administration. Multicore processors Benefits of multi-core processors: Cost savings by reducing power requirements and hardware sprawl Less costly to maintain as fewer systems need to be monitored. Performance and productivity benefits beyond the capabilities of todays single-core processors. Able to handle the exponential growth of digital data and the globalization of the Internet. Able to meet the demands of sophisticated software applications under development. Run applications more efficiently than single-core processors giving users the ability to keep working even while running the most processor intensive task in the background. Able to increase performance in areas such as data mining, mathematical analysis, and Web serving. What are the current trends in software platforms? Define and describe open source software and Linux and explain their business benefits. Open-source software provides all computer users with free access to the program code so they can modify the code, fix errors in it, or to make improvements. Open-source software is not owned by any company or individual. A global network of programmers and users manage and modify the software. By definition, open-source software is not restricted to any specific operating system or hardware technology. Several large software companies are converting some of their commercial programs to open source. Linux is the most well-known open-source software. Its a UNIX-like operating system that can be downloaded from the Internet, free of charge, or purchased for a small fee from companies that provide additional tools for the software. It is reliable, compactly designed, and capable of running on many different hardware platforms, including servers, handheld computers, and consumer electronics. Linux has become popular during the past few years as a robust low-cost alternative to UNIX and the Windows operating system. Thousands of open-source programs are available from hundreds of Web sites. Businesses can choose from a range of open-source software including operating systems, office suites, Web browsers, and games. Open-source software allows businesses to reduce the total cost of ownership. It provides more robust software thats often more secure than proprietary software. Define and describe Web services and the role played by XML. Web services offer a standardized alternative for dealing with integration across various computer platforms. Web services are loosely coupled software components based on XML and open Web standards that are not product specific and can work with any application software and operating system. They can be used as components of Web-based applications linking the systems of two different organizations or to link disparate systems of a single company. Web services are not tied to a particular operating system or programming language. Different applications can use them to communicate with each other in a standard way without time-consuming custom coding. XML provides a standard format for data exchange, enabling Web services to pass data from one process to another Businesses use Web services to tie their Web sites with external Web sites creating an apparently seamless experience for users. The benefit derives from not having to re-create applications for each business partner or specific functions within a single compan Name and describe the three external sources for software. Software packages from a commercial software vendor: prewritten commercially available set of software programs that eliminates the need for a firm to write its own software program for certain functions, such as payroll processing or order handling. Software-as-a-service: a business that delivers and manages applications and computer services from remote computer centers to multiple users using the Internet or a private network. Instead of buying and installing software programs, subscribing companies can rent the same functions from these services. Users pay for the use of this software either on a subscription or a per-transaction basis. The business must carefully assess the costs and benefits of the service, weighing all people, organizational, and technology issues. It must ensure it can integrate the software with its existing systems and deliver a level of service and performance that is acceptable for the business. Outsourcing custom application development: an organization contracts its custom software development or maintenance of existing legacy programs to outside firms, frequently firms that operate offshore in low-wage areas of the world An outsourcer often has the technical and management skills to do the job better, faster, and more efficiently. Even though its often cheaper to outsource the maintenance of an IT infrastructure and the development of new systems to external vendors, a business must weight the pros and cons carefully. Service level agreements are formal contracts between customers and service providers that define the specific responsibilities of the service provider and the level of service expected by the customer. QNO:5(B) Network economics refers to business economics that benefit from the network effect. This is when the value of a good or service increases when others buy the same good or service. Examples are website such as EBay, or iVillage where the community comes together and shares thoughts to help the website become a better business organization. In sustainability, network economics refers to multiple professionals (architects, designers, or related businesses) all working together to develop sustainable products and technologies. The more companies are involved in environmentally friendly production, the easier and cheaper it becomes to produce new sustainable products. For instance, if no one produces sustainable products, it is difficult and expensive to design a sustainable house with custom materials and technology. But due to network economics, the more industries are involved in creating such products, the easier it is to design an environmentally sustainable building. Another benefit of network economics in a certain field is improvement that results from competition and networking within an industry. Network Interactions Clearly, one of the principal facets of the Network Econ- omy is the interaction among the networks themselves. For example, the increasing use of e-commerce espe- cially in business to business transactions is changing not only the utilization and structure of the underlying logistical networks but is also revolutionizing how busi- ness itself is transacted and the structure of _rms and industries. Cellular phones are being using as vehicles move dynam- ically over transportation networks resulting in dynamic evolutions of the topologies themselves. This course also, under advanced topics explores the network interactions among such networks as transporta- tion networks and telecommunication networks, as well as _nancial networks

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Essay examples --

Description of superstorm sandy â€Å"Superstorm Sandy† is the unofficial name for Hurricane Sandy, the deadliest and the most destructive hurricane of the 2012 hurricane season. It was a category three when it was at its peak. It was also the 18th storm named and the second major hurricane in the year 2012. While the hurricane was at its category two, it hit the Northeastern United States and was the largest Atlantic hurricane ever in terms of diameter with winds spanning 11,000 miles. The overall damage caused by the hurricane amounted to $68 billion dollars, a total only exceeded by Hurricane Katrina. Furthermore, the hurricane led to the death of 286 eased in the 20th century, there is still argument on whether Steps can be taken to decrease the negative effects of GCC While human beings have the ability to destroy the planet, they have also the ability to protect the planet. Global climate change is a significant problem in one country or one person to solve. However, every person can contribute to a positive change and influence others to do the same. The first step to tackle the problem is informing others about global climate change, global warming, and their causes. According McCright and Dunlap (2011), education about the subject is the first important step in taking an action because it will make people start to change their lifestyle. Additionally, governments must come up with new regulation in the energy industry, which are the main producer of carbon dioxide, According to Nanda (2011), preventing global climate change requires a series of changes to maintain a lifestyle that people are used. The author argues that carbon emissions need to be stabilized before the year 2016. This is to counter any inexorable changes to t... ...l climate change is unreal, objective studies have shown that the impacts of global climate change are with us. These impacts include extreme weathers such us El Nià ±o, La Nià ±a, frequent strong hurricanes, drought, global rise in sea level, and increase in average global temperature. Global climate changes are brought about by human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuel. Therefore, steps to combat climate change starts with the education of people so that they can change the lifestyle. Governments must establish legislation than allows conservation and rehabilitation of damaged forest, and reduce the burning of fossil fuel and. Furthermore, money must be issued to help people adapt to the already occurring impact of climate change. In addition, government must also put preventive measure to protect people and material from any potential impacts.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Conflict: The Watchmen Essay

In the Book The Watchmen tells a tale of a world on the brink of a nuclear war engineered by one man Adrian Veidt, whom comes in to conflict with his former team of masked heroes who would and do plan to stop him. Veidt in spite the consequences will stop at nothing to achieve his goal of world peace. This includes the killing of half of New York city. And proving that no matter how much you manipulate something the outcome will eventually be the same. Adrian Veidt is the smartest man in the world. He realized three years before killing half of New York city that the world would never reach world peace at the direction it was going with all the advances in technology and politics. He needed to strategically take all of his former teammates away from the equation. He did this because they were the only potential threat to his plan of eventual world peace. First Veidt Taking out the Comedian; the first person to realize his goal and also the person most likely to stop him from destroying his way of life. The Comedian had this sense of truth to him because he didn’t care for the conventional â€Å"all American† image. He understood that the world was a cold and cruel place. Those that understood that were the ones that would survive. The very thought of world peace destroyed his entire way of life. It was only natural that Viedt murder him first because the Comedian had the most to loose. Second was the perfect man Jon, whom was made of pure existence. Jon was also the United States only blockade against outside countries willing to over throw them with nuclear weapons. So basically Jon represented the only block between a war, take him out and tension will arise. Next he framed the only active member of his former team still at large, Rorschach for murder and thus taking out the person most likely to put pieces together and discover something wrong, and of coarse Rorschach did put them together. Before being framed for murder and disobeying the Kleen act (an act that outlawed vitualantism among normal citizens). What Veidt did not take in to account was two former teammates involvement, Nite-owl and Ms Jupiter. Rorschach warned them all of suspicion and as time when on the two remaining members untouched by Veidt’s plan, broke Rorschach out of jail and discovered the plan of Veidt’s to engineer a war. As all four Heroes rush to Veidt’s base of operations they learn that he has already killed Half the city claiming the cause to be of an alien attack. This in turn stopped the war from happening and unified the nations of the world against a threat much greater than any of them. The world’s last true hope for world peace yet if any of Veidt’s former teammates were to expose him the reaction would be immediate war and world destruction. The only team member not willing to bite his tongue is Rorschach, who before attempting to stop Veldt, sent a complete journal of his plan the city’s newspaper. Rorschach was killed because of his potential to leak Veidt’s innocence and destroy the world but the journal was mistakenly printed days later. In the end the fate was the same despite the manipulation of Veldt and the silent voices of his former teammates. If anything Veldt accelerated the destruction of the world.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Analysis Of Shakespeare’s

Analysis Of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew- Analysis of Shakespeare's Handle on Elizabethan Stereotypes Today, when one gazes upon Elizabethan stereotypes they may be offended or disgusted. In the fourteenth century there were guidelines and rules that had to be followed when it came to how a woman should or should not act. There were even some for the men, but women who went against these boundaries were sunned in society as outcasts and tramps. If a woman wasn't a faithful wife or showed true devotion to her husband, she was considered a wanton woman. If she was to be virtuous, she had to be obedient and pure. Shakespeare managed to divulge the cynical comedy in the period's stereotypes when he wrote The Taming of the Shrew.The likes of Kate and Bianca, were Shakespeare's focal point to show his views of how outlandish he thought of the stereotypes. He purposely exaggerated their stereotypes to show the extremes if the spectrum.Taming of the Shrew in London

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The character of Cleopatra Essay Example

The character of Cleopatra Essay Example The character of Cleopatra Paper The character of Cleopatra Paper How Cleopatra acts when Antony is away reveals a lot about her character and how she feels about herself and Antony. The scene starts off with Cleopatra asking Charmian for a narcotic so that she can sleep out this great gap of time that her Antony is away. She is thinking about Antonys every move Stands he, or sits he? and speaks jealously of the horse that he may be sitting on. Horse back riding is associated with sexual intercourse, and she speaks of how the horse should be proud to hold Antony. She talks of how the horse would not know who it is taking, that Antony is the demi-atlas of the world meaning he holds half the world, and is the ultimate soldier equipped only with his arm and a light helmet. She then starts talking about herself and Antony, she is very complimenting to herself, but explains that she is feeding herself most delicious poison when she has the thought that Antony is thinking of her. She carries on to say this self-flattery is, although nice, not good. She talks vividly of how she feels love pinches and bruises, showing her violent side but also an erotic side. She then starts to be hard on herself, asking why Antony would ever think of her, she calls her self black, which is unattractive to the Romans. This is confirmed before hand where Philo describes her as tawny referring to the colours of gypsies and gypsy ways (magic and witchcraft). However to console herself almost, she speaks of her former lovers, Caesar and Pompey and how they saw her and treated her. These sudden changes in the subjects she chooses to speak about shows her ever-changing personality. First she speaks of how Antony must be thinking about her, then that he isnt, then how he must see her in a bad way, and then how her former lovers adored her. Shes a very confusing character, who even Antony will probably never figure out. Alexas interrupts here, a messenger from Antony, to present an orient pearl to Cleopatra. Cleopatra seems happy with Alexas message from Antony but continues to question him about Antony. What, was he sad, or merry? Alexas explains to Cleopatra that he was neither sad nor merry. Cleopatras response to this is interesting as she justifies this information in favour of herself and Antony. She says that he cannot be sad as people look up to him, but he also cannot be merry as it shows people he wants to be in Egypt. He shall have every day a several greeting, Or Ill unpeople Egypt, this extravagant, expression is her response to Alexas when he questions why she sends so many messengers, (twenty several messengers per day). It means that she loves Antony beyond all other concerns. Cleopatras language is serious yet exaggerating, it could be seen in a preposterous way, for example Or Ill be damned. However it is still a very violent expression, revealing Cleopatras unethical ways of dealing with certain situations. Her violent response to Alexas would scare most men off a woman, but not Cleopatra, she is explained by Enobarbus that she makes hungry where she most satisfies later on in the play.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Sociology of Childhood and Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sociology of Childhood and Youth - Essay Example The role of social changes to the youth and the adulthood was very important in the post 1970s period. The sector which was more affected by the social changes during this period was the employment. It should be noticed that the standardisation of employment was an achievement of the post 1945 period which was characterized by high growth. However, the globalisation (which followed that period and is constantly developing until today) has led to the deregulation of the labour market and as a result to the collapse of standard (and of teenage) employment (Burgess & Campbell, 1998:15). It should be noticed though that the youth transition of the post 1970s period involved to more elements than employment, like family and education. The results of relevant studies have shown that there is also a differentiation regarding the gender and the social ‘classification’ as well as the general environment of the young people. Under these terms, the main question is not whether the youth transition is faulty or not but if the environment of young people has the necessary willing to understand the constantly changing social conditions and to cooperate with them in order to achieve a more integrated adaptation in the society. The content of social change has been examined by an important number of researchers. The relevant studies have shown that ‘individualisation’ is the most important of its elements. Individualisation has been explained as ‘a process that relates to the disintegration of traditional structures in people’s lives so the inherited recipes for living and role stereotypes fail to function’. Moreover, according to this view ‘there are no historical models for the conduct of life’ .

Saturday, November 2, 2019

High school does not adequately prepare students for college Essay

High school does not adequately prepare students for college - Essay Example Some of those schools lack required resources whereas in some schools, the teachers are not skilled enough to build the concepts of students properly. High school teachers must possess the ability to prepare high school students for successful transition to college level education. In this paper, we will discuss the factors, which make high schools unable to prepare the students for higher education. Why High Schools Are Not Able to Prepare Students? Lack of resources is one of those factors due to which most of the high schools are not able to prepare students for college. High schools, which do not have enough funds, are not able to pay competitive salaries to the well-experienced teachers. Such schools hire fresh graduates or less-experienced teachers who agree to teach students even on low wages. Such teachers do not posses the ability to teach students in an effective way because they do not have enough teaching experience required to teach high school students. In some schools, there are no proper labs and technological equipment due to lack of available funds. Properly equipped labs and classrooms not only assist teachers deliver their lectures to the students but also help the students learn in an interactive environment. â€Å"Teachers are not always successful at engaging their students when introducing lessons through typical lecture format† (Beam).

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Final - Essay Example The company commenced its manufacturing and retail operations over 40 years ago, and according to the message from the CEO, Jules Di Bartolomeo, the company’s operations still continue to do well up to today. There is a lot of more innovation that the company gets from the fact that it has remained in manufacturing for a long time rather than if it was outsourcing and just being in retail. This is because manufacturing keeps the company struggling to keep up with the ever changing technology, hence increasing innovativeness and improvements in the line of products. Those companies that major in oversees products, majorly the company’s competitors, do end up filling the market with copied products, hence lack of innovativeness. Looking at the income statement, the company had a gross profit of 70.29% in 2012 and 70.92% in 2013. This shows that the company’s expenses such as cost of goods sold decrease as its income increased. Looking at the operating expenses, the company had 42.01% in 2012 and 40.46% in 2013. This again shows that the company has engaged in ways that are able to reduce its cost of operations in order to maximize on the operating income. The great reduction in the cost of operation therefore led to an increase in net income to up to 30.46% in 2013 from 28.28% in 2012. The god performance of the company by reducing its cost of operations made it to record an income before taxes of 1.79% in 2013 from 0.10% only in 2012. This shows a great improvement in the company’s income before taxes which therefore increases the company’s ability to meet its short term financial obligations. Even though the tax liability increased from -0.61% in 2012 to 0.27% in 2013, the net income of the company has still proved to increase despite it all. The net income therefore increased from 0.71% in 2012 to 1.52% in 2013. The company therefore closed the 2013 year with a net income of 1.51% after the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Fitness Essay Example for Free

Fitness Essay Why do people exercise? This may be a simple question, but it can generate multiple and varying responses. Assumptions such as pure weight loss, arise. Although this may be true, weight loss is not the only reason that drives people to engage in such activities. If curious minds dig a little deeper within this topic, different perceptions are brought up or given a better understanding of the situation. People exercise for many reasons. These reasons can be categorized to physical, psychological, and emotional dimension. In the physical sense, people exercise to better their appearance by losing or maintaining weight and overall health. One of the most noticeable effects of exercise is the physical changes that occur to the loss of body fat in a person. A person who may be overweight see exercise as a tool to help him achieve his desired body composition. With continuous exercise, the body burns calories. Excess fat that are stored within the body are utilized and burned for energy, leading to weight loss. Aside from weight loss, exercising provides beneficial heart effects to a person. It strengthens the heart muscle by allowing it to pump blood more effectively which results in the reduction of pressure on the walls of the blood vessel, which lowers blood pressure. (Sherwood, 2010). Other heart benefits include good HDL cholesterol levels, reducing bad LDL cholesterol levels, and reducing inflammation of arteries, as suggested by the University of Maryland Medical Center, or UMMC (as cited by Sherwood, par. 4). According to the website WebMD, regular exercise can help prevent diseases and ailments such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, back pain, and osteoporosis. Beyond the physical effects of exercise come psychological effects. Running, after a long and stressful day at school or work can help a person feel better afterwards. The link between exercise and mood is pretty strong, Michael Otto, PhD, a professor of psychology at Boston University says. Usually within five minutes after moderate exercise you get a mood-enhancement effect. (as cited by Weir, 2011). Aerobic exercises help the body produce chemicals called endorphins. Endorphins are polypeptides that that bind the neuron-receptors in the brain which provides relief from pain (ciarac, 2006). Endorphins also help treat contributing factors to anxiety and depression. Exercise can help reduce immune system chemicals that may worsen depression. Aside from that, it helps increase body temperature that may have calming effects on a person. Some people also exercise as an alternative to drinking. Exercise is a healthy coping mechanism for anxiety and depression, as opposed to drinking alcohol or dwelling on negative thoughts which can lead to difficult situations. Engaging in moderate amount of exercise will result in improved emotional state as well. Some people exercise in the assumption that they will gain a sense of achievement. In some cases, exercising provides that first push for a person to aim for, and achieve self-confidence. When a person meets his or her exercise goal or challenge, it helps feed that yearning of achievement. The emotional state of a person also ties in with the physical result of exercise. When a person loses weight, he or she tends to feel better about his or her appearance. Being able to wear clothing you desire, gives that extra good feeling. Exercising also becomes a positive distraction from the stresses of everyday life. It helps take a person’s mind off his or her worries temporarily. Another reason why people exercise is to get more social interaction. Exercising can provide opportunities to meet more people by going to the gym, jogging at the park, or signing up for dance class. Positive interaction improves a person’s emotional state. These interactions can vary from a friendly smile to creating strong meaningful bonds. Exercise promotes better sleep as well. Regular physical activity tires you out and get to fall asleep faster as well as deepen it. Do you feel tired or out of shape when it comes to sex with your special someone? It could sparks up more intimacy in your relationship between lovers as well. Regular physical activity can leave you feeling energized and looking better, which may have a positive effect on your sex life. But theres more to it than that. Regular physical activity can lead to enhanced arousal for women. And men who exercise regularly are less likely to have problems with erectile dysfunction than are men who dont exercise. As well as performance that both the male and female enhances for greater pleasure. Gain health benefits as you have fun. If you want to lose weight or meet specific fitness goals, you may need to exercise more. Remember to check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program, especially if you have any health concerns. One more important thing about exercising is that it is very fun when you just think about it. Exercising is one of the best way to better your connection within your family, you’re not just improving your health but your well-being too. There are several ways you can enjoy exercise, not just going to the gym constantly, such as hiking, mountain climbing, swimming, snorkeling, diving, etc. There is wide variety of activities to choose from just to keep yourself from being bored from doing the same thing every day. So work out, get your lazy behinds up and get a move on. You won’t get the satisfaction like any other just by sitting down doing nothing but watching television.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Health Promotion Intervention Plan On Cardiovascular Disease

Health Promotion Intervention Plan On Cardiovascular Disease Planning is defined as a step by step movement from the beginning till the end of a programme (Naidoo and Wills, 2009).It was also clearly stated by Tones and Green (2005) as an outline of different parts of a programme and how they are interwoven together. Planning a health promotion programme requires logical approaches that run through different stages before an effective outcome can be established (Naidoo and wills,2009).This involves the use of different kind of planning model. In this circumstance the Ewles and Simnett (2003) planning schema will be made use of to plan this intervention. This is a schedule that encompasses seven key planning actions. They include identifying health need assessment, setting goals and objective, choosing good strategies for the set objectives, sourcing for fund and man power, mapping out evaluation plan ,so as to enhance good performance ,setting an action plan, and lastly implementing the plan (Bartholomew et al.,2006).A top-down approach in executing programme plan will be used in this arena (Laverack,2005).This Top-down programmes approach are usually apprehensive with lifestyle and behavioural fulfillment to specific stipulated norms (Boutilier,1993).This is the reason why the approach will best suite this plan. Background knowledge Cardiovascular disease is an ailment of the heart and the circulatory system. It consists of the coronary heart disease heart attack and angina as well as stroke. The organ that is affected by this disease is part of the toughest muscle in the body, so as to keep blood pumping constant. There are specific arteries for different organs in the body, but the one that supply the heart is called the coronary artery. When this blood vessel is affected it lead to the ailment called the coronary heart disease. This ailment occur when the blood vessel supplying the heart become narrowed by accumulation of fatty substances called atheroma within their walls. A condition called atherosclerosis. This could cause reduction of blood current to the heart due to the tightening of the vessel, which could lead to having an heart attack or myocardial infarction. This . The nature of the health needs assessment Cardiovascular diseases are a worldwide leading cause of death, which causes approximately 17.1 million deaths per year (WHO, 2010). These diseases of the heart are the major cause of death in the United Kingdom which includes the Northern Ireland (Chief Medical Officer, 1999; DHSSPS, 2004, p. 97). In spite of the reduction in the drift in death rate of diseases of the heart and the circulatory system, coronary heart disease still remains the common cause of death in the United Kingdom (British Heart Foundation, 2007). The mortality rate incurred by this ailment every year is roughly 208,000 deaths (British Heart Foundation ,2007).This reflected roughly one in 3 people death per year, which is around 36% of the populace (British Heart Foundation, 2007).The major form of Cardiovascular Disease are coronary heart disease (CHD) ,which account for around 48% of mortality rate and around 28% death rate from stroke. This ailment which could lead to angina, heart attack and heart stoppage is one of the main causes of death in Northern Ireland. It was reported that this ailment causes 1 in 3 deaths in men and 1 in 4 deaths in women and is accountable for approximately 20% of the entire loss in productive years in this part of UK (Chief Medical Officer, 1999). Unal et al. (2004) claimed that a reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) in the U.K between the 1980s and 1990s was around 58% which account for more than half of the populace. .This reduction was brought by drastic change in the primary threat, which is smoking and the remaining 42% was achieved from the secondary prevention and treatment provided (Unal et al., 2004). McWhirter (2002) claimed that the electoral wards with the top mortality rates in Northern Ireland are also those with the uppermost levels of deficiency. National Heart Forum (2002) pointed out that various citizens have a heritable nature towards coronary heart disease, bu t for huge mass of people the danger of coronary heart disease is basically determined during oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lifespan by the food being consumed, physical immobility and smoking. National Heart Forum (2002)stated that heart attacks and ill health from coronary heart infection may seem inaccessible to childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives, but the major risk factor for developing coronary heart disease like (rise in blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, high blood glucose level and smoking) all build up throughout the lifespan, most occurring during childhood and teenage years. Various researches have confirmed that the early signs of coronary heart infection are already obvious in some children and teenagers (DHSSPS, 2004). The growing levels of obesity amongst children and young people mean that they are likely to be at advanced threat of developing coronary heart disease in later life (National Heart Forum, 2002). Cardiovascular disease need to be addressed all over the field from primary prevention in not at risk population that is by considering diet, physical fitness, overweight prevention and smoking in children and young people , which could predispose them to other life threatening diseases that are non-communicable. Therefore cardiovascular disease especially coronary heart disease is a health problem that require drastic intervention. Aims The overall aim of this plan is to educate and increase the level of awareness among university undergraduate students about the risk of having coronary heart disease by using the behavioural and life style approach (Laverack, 2005). Objective Labonte (1998) claimed that nearly all conventional health promotion goals are based on disease prevention, decreasing death rate, morbidity, and behavioural changes. Therefore, the objective of this proposed intervention will focus on school based prevention approach (Laverack , 2005) by creating awareness which will result in healthy way of life from the grassroots by catching them young. The objective is tailored towards a SMART ideology, that is must be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, and Realistic as well as time conscious. The educational objective are as follows To encourage students to dissipate knowledge among their peers of the consequences of getting a coronary heart disease. To increase student awareness of the kind of food that could predispose them to getting the disease. To enlighten students about the kind of lifestyle they need to inculcate to avoid the danger of having the disease. To establish whether student have a prior knowledge about the disease and it consequences. To inform participant about the healthy food that they need to adopt to reduce the risk of being affected by the ailment.

Friday, October 25, 2019

History Of Computers :: essays research papers

History of Computers Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The electronic computer has now been used commercially for less than 25 years. It grew out of a search lasting centuries for a more accurate, faster way to perform calculations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primitive and ancient man used his fingers, shells, beads, sticks, and other objects to keep track of numbers and sums. The development of paper and writing instrumentsmade it easier to record data, but gave little aid in manipulating it. Manual Devices:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A computer is sometimes defined as a system that mechanizes the processing of information. Even a manual device may fall under this definition if they are constructed in such a way that moving them by hand can produce the desired answer. Example: Abacus:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abacus is the oldest-known mechanical computing aid. Its origin is uncertain. Many countries claim to have invented it. It was used in China as early as the sixth century B.C. and in the mediterranean areain ancient Greek and Roman times. It is still used in many parts of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abacus consists of beads strung on rows of wires suspended within a rectangular frame. A common form has a piece of wood dividing the beads, with five beads on one side, and two on the other side of the wood on each wire. Calculating Machines and their Inventors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the centuries, several mathematical geniuses invented machinesto aid them in their calculations. The machines were never widely used and generally had no direct path to the later development of electronic computers. Example: Pascal:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) a French matematician, invented the first mechanical adding machine at age 19 in 1642. He became tired of adding long columns of figures while helping his father, who had been appointed administrator of Rouen by Cardenal Richelieu. His device had teen toothed wheels and many gears. Rotating wheels developed sums. A carry lever advanced the next wheel to the left one position when a sum exceeded 10. Punched Card Development:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of us are surprised to learn that the punched card industry is almost 200 years old. Furthermore, the first use of punched cards wasn’t for data processing, but rather for process control. Example: Jacquard:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), a French Weaver, in 1804 developed the first completly automatic loom, controlled by punched cards. Fearing that the machine would produce unemployment, workers attacked and destroyed his machine at Lyon. Aided by Napoleon, Jacquard rebuilt his machine, which os credited with promoting a thriving textile industry in France through the 1800s.